The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of mental health conditions among female street-based sex workers in Addis Ababa. Quantitative research approach was employed and data were collected using a sampling technique that helped select 200 participants from the sample frame. Around one-third of the sample was diagnosed as PTSD positive. Over 72% of the participants report-ed mild to severe level of depression while 43.5% of the participants scored high/severe depressive symptoms. More than 60 % of the sample met the criteria for substance abuse. The analysis of the data showed significant relationships among childhood sexual abuse and current PTSD, depression, and substance abuse symptoms. In conclusion, there was a high prevalence of PTSD, depression and substance abuse among the female/women participants. The targeted samples involved in continu-ous sex work, despite experiencing work-related violence. Therefore, more targeted interventions and integrated work among different stakeholders should be employed to help these women make positive life changes.

?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? “??”? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? “????? ?????? ???” ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??? 17??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????/????? ?????? ???? ???????? (Feminism) ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? (Patriarchal) ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?

The purpose of this study was to explore the systems of adult education in Sweden and Ethiopia. To this end, qualitative research design was employed and a critical review method was used. Tacit knowledge of the researcher, relevant research litreatures, policy documents and monographs were used as sources of data – the data were critically analyzed. The major findings showed that in both Sweden and Ethiopia, adult education was used mainly as a mechanism for promoting the develop-ment of civic competence, employability skills and raising environmental awareness. On the other hand, there werer differences between the two countries; Sweden has (a) a special non-formal adult education known as popular adult education (folkbildning) which utilizes ‘study circles’, and ‘folk high schools’; (b) a culture of providing formal municipal adult education, and (c) the provision of Swed-ish for immegrants. Likewise, Ethiopia has also its own pecular adult education which is known as ‘integrated functional adult education’ that aims at integrationg basic literacy skills with livelioods of adults. Hence, one could safely conclude that despite nation-specific differences, Sweden and Ethiopia consider adult education as an indispensible tool for promoting the development of democratic political cultutre. Based on the findings and conclusion, it is suggested that the Ethiopian Ministry of Education is advised to consider the use of ‘study circles’ in the provision of integrated functional adult education, and the Ethiopian Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs is advised to consider the Swedish experience of labor market training for the unemployed

Social science research has been fraught with presumably ‘irreconcilable’ objectivist versus subjectivist standpoints, which also goes by such names as structure versus agency, determinism versus freewill. Due to their divergent ontological, epistemological, and methodological assumptions and prescriptions, many researchers stressed the difficulty to work with both approaches to understand reality. This review article traces this methodological strain to the writings of Durkheim and Weber by way of un-derstanding it and proposing ways to surmount the incongruity towards better informed and compre-hensive social research.

?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? (??? ????? ?????? ?????) ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????-???? ????? ????? (?????? ???) ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? (Docu-mentary film) ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????

Supporting service in irrigated maize farm management through linking farmers with researchers and extension workers characterized farmers as passive recipients of technology. This has brought about weak link and fragmentation. The study is evaluating the performance of researchers, extension work-ers and farmers linkages in irrigated maize agriculture in Dera Wereda, North-Western Ethiopia. Simple random sampling technique was used to select researchers, extension workers, and farmers. Their re-sponses were elicited through unstructured questionnaire. Activities under evaluations includes farmer participation in identification of problem; centrality of research trial to low producers; link low producers to formal credit institution and cooperative association, training access, appropriateness of training advice, integration of joint activities to women groups; farmers connection to market; and sustainabil-ity of using on-farm research trial sites. Researchers, extension workers and farmers’ involvement on average statistically varied as computed using one-way ANOVA. Such finding underlined the high importance of setting appropriate integration strategy to offset the loose working relationships among researchers, extension workers, and farmers in Dera woreda

Michael Doyle (1983) pioneers contemporary liberal peace theory. He argued that no liberal democracy has ever gone to war with another liberal democracy. After nearly a decade, the victorious Western camp undisputedly declared the ontological and epistemological premises of liberal peace as a uni-versalizing rationality of pacific order and a panacea for post-conflict societies. In the following years, peacebuilding interventions were launched under the auspice of the UN and other agencies in war torn countries with excessive liberal enthusiasm. However, conflicts in Africa have proved unwaveringly resistant to Western attempts to easily institute liberal peace. As Collier et al. (2003) noted, almost half of all post-conflict states relapsed to armed violence within the first decade of relative peace. This has generated a considerable debate and disagreement in the realm of scholarship and policy (Newman, Paris & Richmond, 2009). Responding to this debate, in this paper, I draw on data from World Bank, United Nations Development Program, Freedom House, and pertinent empirical research works to crit-ically appraise the application of liberal peace theory in the context of post-conflict societies in Africa. It was found out that liberal peacebuilding instigated more damages to the ill-equipped post-conflict states. In conclusion, liberal peace is “acultural” and insensitive towards recipient of the peacebuilding and ultimately aimed at creating chronically dependent states.